Deficiencia subclínica de hierro en niños menores de cuatro años de edad, ciudad de Valencia, Venezuela / Subclinical iron deficiency in children under four years of age, Valencia city, Venezuela / Deficiencia subclinica de ferro em changas menores de quatro anos de idade, cidade de Valencia, Venezuela

La deficiencia de hierro (DH) se considera un problema de salud pública y afecta principalmente a los niños en las etapas de crecimiento rápido y desarrollo psicomotor. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la deficiencia subclínica de hierro en niños menores de 4 años, mediante el uso de ferritina sérica (FS), receptor soluble de transferrina (RsTf) e índice RsTf-FS como herramientas diagnósticas. El estudio fue descriptivo, transversal, y se realizó en Valencia, Venezuela, en 2006. Se determinaron en 541 niños las concentraciones de hemoglobina (método automatizado), FS (IRMA), RsTf (ELISA), Proteína C Reactiva y alfa glicoproteína (nefelometría). Se realizaron estadísticos descriptivos, prueba de Mann-Whitney y Fisher, con nivel de significancia de p<0,05. El 72,1% de los niños tenían depósitos de hierro agotados, 25,5% eritropoyesis deficiente de hierro y 27,0% anemia. El índice RsTf-FS identificó mayor porcentaje de niños con DH subclínica; mostrando mayor valor diagnóstico frente a la FS y el RsTf por separado. El índice RsTf-FS podría convertirse en una prueba invaluable para distinguir entre agotamiento de los depósitos corporales de hierro y eritropoyesis deficiente de hierro, fases subclínicas de la DH. Se propone una intervención nutricional con base en la suplementación y la educación como estrategia fundamental para disminuir la prevalencia de DH y anemia.

Iron deficiency is considered a public health problem, especially affecting children at ages of fast growth and psychomotor development. The study was aimed to identify subclinical iron deficiency in children below four years of age, through the use of serum ferritin (FS), soluble transferrin receptor (RsTf) and index RsTf-FS as diagnostic tools. It was a descriptive, transversal study performed at Valencia, Venezuela, 2006. Hemoglobin (Hb) by automated method, FS by IRMA, RsTf by ELISA, C Reactive Protein and alpha glycoprotein by nephelometry were assessed in 541 subjects. Descriptives values and Mann-Whitney and Fisher test results are presented. A p value <0.05 was considered significant. 72.1% of children had iron stores depletion, 25.5% had iron deficient erithropoyesis and prevalence of anemia was 27.0%. The index RsTf-FS allowed to identify a higher percentage of children with subclinical iron deficiency, which indicates that the index is better diagnostic indicator than FS or RsTf by separate. Index RsTf-FS could become a invaluable test in order to distinguish between iron body stores depletion and iron-deficient erythropoiesis, subclinical phases of iron deficiency. Nutritional intervention based on supplementation and education as fundamental tool to diminish anemia and iron deficiency prevalence should be initiated.

A deficiencia de ferro (DF) é considerada um problema de saúde pública e afeta principalmente changas em fases de crescimento rápido e desenvolvimento psicomotor. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a deficiencia de ferro subclinica em criangas menores de 4 anos, através do uso de ferritina sérica (FS), receptor solúvel de transferrina (sTfR) e índice sTfR-FS como ferramentas de diagnóstico. O estudo foi descritivo, transversal, e foi feito em Valencia, Venezuela, em 2006. Foram determinadas em 541 criangas as con-centragoes de hemoglobina (método automatizado), FS (IRMA), sTfR (ELISA), Proteína C reativa e alfa-gli-coproteína (nefelometria). Foram realizados estatísticos descritivos, testes de Mann-Whitney e Fisher, com um nivel de significancia de p<0,05. 72,1% das criangas tinham os depósitos de ferro esgotados, 25,5% eritropoiese deficiente de ferro e 27,0% anemia. O índice sTfR-FS identificou maior percentagem de crian-gas com DF subclínica mostrando assim maior valor diagnóstico em relagáo a FS e sTfR separadamente. O índice sTfR-FS poderia tornar-se um teste de valor inestimável para a distingáo entre deplegáo de reservas corporais de ferro e eritropoiese deficiente de ferro, estágios subclínicos da deficiencia de ferro. Propoe-se uma intervengáo nutricional com base na suplementagáo e educagáo como estratégia fundamental para diminuir a prevalencia de deficiencia de ferro e anemia.

Deficiencia subclínica de hierro en niños menores de cuatro años de edad, ciudad de Valencia, Venezuela / Subclinical iron deficiency in children under four years of age, Valencia city, Venezuela / Deficiencia subclinica de ferro em changas menores de quatro anos de idade, cidade de Valencia, Venezuela

La deficiencia de hierro (DH) se considera un problema de salud pública y afecta principalmente a los niños en las etapas de crecimiento rápido y desarrollo psicomotor. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la deficiencia subclínica de hierro en niños menores de 4 años, mediante el uso de ferritina sérica (FS), receptor soluble de transferrina (RsTf) e índice RsTf-FS como herramientas diagnósticas. El estudio fue descriptivo, transversal, y se realizó en Valencia, Venezuela, en 2006. Se determinaron en 541 niños las concentraciones de hemoglobina (método automatizado), FS (IRMA), RsTf (ELISA), Proteína C Reactiva y alfa glicoproteína (nefelometría). Se realizaron estadísticos descriptivos, prueba de Mann-Whitney y Fisher, con nivel de significancia de p<0,05. El 72,1% de los niños tenían depósitos de hierro agotados, 25,5% eritropoyesis deficiente de hierro y 27,0% anemia. El índice RsTf-FS identificó mayor porcentaje de niños con DH subclínica; mostrando mayor valor diagnóstico frente a la FS y el RsTf por separado. El índice RsTf-FS podría convertirse en una prueba invaluable para distinguir entre agotamiento de los depósitos corporales de hierro y eritropoyesis deficiente de hierro, fases subclínicas de la DH. Se propone una intervención nutricional con base en la suplementación y la educación como estrategia fundamental para disminuir la prevalencia de DH y anemia.(AU)

Iron deficiency is considered a public health problem, especially affecting children at ages of fast growth and psychomotor development. The study was aimed to identify subclinical iron deficiency in children below four years of age, through the use of serum ferritin (FS), soluble transferrin receptor (RsTf) and index RsTf-FS as diagnostic tools. It was a descriptive, transversal study performed at Valencia, Venezuela, 2006. Hemoglobin (Hb) by automated method, FS by IRMA, RsTf by ELISA, C Reactive Protein and alpha glycoprotein by nephelometry were assessed in 541 subjects. Descriptives values and Mann-Whitney and Fisher test results are presented. A p value <0.05 was considered significant. 72.1% of children had iron stores depletion, 25.5% had iron deficient erithropoyesis and prevalence of anemia was 27.0%. The index RsTf-FS allowed to identify a higher percentage of children with subclinical iron deficiency, which indicates that the index is better diagnostic indicator than FS or RsTf by separate. Index RsTf-FS could become a invaluable test in order to distinguish between iron body stores depletion and iron-deficient erythropoiesis, subclinical phases of iron deficiency. Nutritional intervention based on supplementation and education as fundamental tool to diminish anemia and iron deficiency prevalence should be initiated.(AU)

A deficiencia de ferro (DF) é considerada um problema de saúde pública e afeta principalmente changas em fases de crescimento rápido e desenvolvimento psicomotor. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a deficiencia de ferro subclinica em criangas menores de 4 anos, através do uso de ferritina sérica (FS), receptor solúvel de transferrina (sTfR) e índice sTfR-FS como ferramentas de diagnóstico. O estudo foi descritivo, transversal, e foi feito em Valencia, Venezuela, em 2006. Foram determinadas em 541 criangas as con-centragoes de hemoglobina (método automatizado), FS (IRMA), sTfR (ELISA), Proteína C reativa e alfa-gli-coproteína (nefelometria). Foram realizados estatísticos descritivos, testes de Mann-Whitney e Fisher, com um nivel de significancia de p<0,05. 72,1% das criangas tinham os depósitos de ferro esgotados, 25,5% eritropoiese deficiente de ferro e 27,0% anemia. O índice sTfR-FS identificou maior percentagem de crian-gas com DF subclínica mostrando assim maior valor diagnóstico em relagáo a FS e sTfR separadamente. O índice sTfR-FS poderia tornar-se um teste de valor inestimável para a distingáo entre deplegáo de reservas corporais de ferro e eritropoiese deficiente de ferro, estágios subclínicos da deficiencia de ferro. Propoe-se uma intervengáo nutricional com base na suplementagáo e educagáo como estratégia fundamental para diminuir a prevalencia de deficiencia de ferro e anemia.(AU)

Estado nutricional, indicadores antropométricos y homocisteína sérica en mujerees posmenopáusicas venezolanas / Nutritional status, anthropometric index and serum omocysteine in postmenopausal Venezuelan women

Menopause is associated with an increased body weight and changes in fat distribution, high levels of homocysteine and cardiovascular risk factors associated with estrogen deficiency. The objective was to evaluate body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist/hip index (WHI), and serum homocysteine (Hct) levels in postmenopausal women (n 128). Nutritional status was diagnosed by BMI (WHO), WC (normal <88cm, at risk> 88cm), WHI (normal <0.8, at risk> 0.8), serum homocysteine (Hct) (ELISA) normal < 10 mmol/L, at risk >10-15mmol/L, high >15mmol/L and estradiol (ELISA) <65pg/mL (menopause). Sixty five point nine percent were overweight/obese, 47.3 percent and 82.2 percent showed cardio metabolic risk by WC and WHI. There was a significant difference for WHI, and a positive significant correlation between anthropometrics indexes. Ten percent showed risk and hyperhomocysteinaemia, but it was not correlated with the evaluated variables. The subjects had a high frequency of overweight, obesity and android fat distribution, showing a high risk for cardiometabolics diseases.

La menopausia se asocia a un aumento del peso corporal y a cambios en la distribución de grasa, describiéndose también niveles elevados de homocisteína, factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados al déficit de estrógenos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar índice de masa corporal (IMC), la circunferencia de cintura (CCi), el índice cintura-cadera (ICC), la homocisteína sérica en mujeres posmenopáusicas (n: 128). El diagnóstico nutricional antropométrico se determinó según IMC (OMS); se determinaron la CCi (normal <88cm, en riesgo >88cm), ICC (normal <0,8, en riesgo >0,8), homocisteína sérica (tHci) (ELISA): normal < 10mmol/L, en riesgo >10-15mmol/L, alta: >15mmol/L y estradiol (ELISA): <65pg/mL (posmenopausia). 65,9 por ciento presentaron sobrepeso/ obesidad. 47,3 por ciento y 82,2 por ciento en riesgo cardiometabólico según CCi e ICC. Hubo diferencia significativa para ICC y correlación positiva significativa entre indicadores antropométricos. 10 por ciento presentó riesgo e hiperhomocisteinemia. Este aminoácido no correlacionó con las variables evaluadas. Las mujeres evaluadas presentaron una alta frecuencia de sobrepeso-obesidad y una distribución de grasa tipo androide, presentando un alto riesgo para enfermedades cardiometabólicas.

Pobreza estructural y déficit nutricional en niños preescolares, escolares y adolescentes del Sur de Valencia Estado Carabobo-Venezuela / Structural poverty and nutritional deficit in pre-school and school children, and adolescents of the South of Valencia, Carabobo State -Venezuela

La pobreza es un síndrome situacional en el que se asocian desnutrición, precarias condiciones de vivienda, bajos niveles educacionales, malas condiciones sanitarias, inestabilidad en el aparato productivo, poca participación en los mecanismos de integración social y quizás la adscripción a una escala particular de valores diferenciada de alguna manera de la del resto de la sociedad. Se evaluaron antecedentes de morbilidad y déficit nutricional y su relación con pobreza estructural en 257 niños entre 2-18 años, de un barrio del Sur de Valencia, Estado Carabobo. Metodología. Evaluación socioeconómica según Graffar; registro de antecedentes biomédicos, diagnóstico nutricional antropométrico. Resultados. Edad promedio de la población 7,76 ± 2,6 años. Estrato socioeconómico predominante IV con 55,6%. Predominio de cohabitación de hasta 5 personas por familia con estructura monofamiliar; profesión del jefe de familia, obrero especializado 49,1 %; madres con educación primaria, 47,9 %. Estado nutricional con déficit nutricional, 36,6 %. No hubo asociación significativa entre diagnóstico nutricional y número de personas por familia. Se encontró 78,3% de desnutridos en grupos familiares de más de una familia por vivienda, p<0,05. Prevalencia de diarrea e infecciones respiratorias inferiores (55,3% y 64,9%, respectivamente) en familias de más de 5 personas. El grado de instrucción de la madre mostró relación significativa con el antecedente de infecciones respiratorias inferiores. Se concluye que el déficit nutricional se relaciona con variables de pobreza estructural (número de familias por vivienda), indicativo de que los métodos de medición de pobreza permiten mostrar una evaluación integral de las poblaciones vulnerables.

Poverty, a highly predominant condition in Latin America, is associated with insufficient food intake, undernutrition, poor living conditions, low education, lack of insertion in the productive system and in the social integration network, despair and anomia. In this context, the influence of structural poverty associated variables on nutritional status was assessed in 257 children andadolescents (2-18 years of age), from a poor neighborhood in southern Valencia, Carabobo State. Methodology: Socioeconomic evaluation (Graffar-Méndez Castellano), biomedical history, anthropometric nutritional assessment (body composition, body dimension and mixed indicators) were performed. Results: Families living in Stratum IV were predominant, as well as the unifamiliar structure and 5 people per family or household. 36.6% of nutritional deficit was observed. A significant association between undernutrition and number of families per household was found, and alsobetween a history of diarrhea and acute lower respiratory infections and the number of persons per family, with more prevalence in family groups of more than 5 people. The educational level of the mother also showed a statistically significant relationship with a history of lower respiratory infections, when mothers had primary education or were literate. It is concluded that there is a strong relationship between nutritional deficit and structural poverty variables (number of families per household). The most significant association was observed between poverty measurement methods and nutritional diagnosis of deficit. Inclusion of this method in community research will allow a comprehensive assessment of vulnerable populations.

Zinc y cobre séricos y la relación zinc/cobre en un grupo de niños del sur de Valencia, Venezuela / Zinc and copper in serum and zinc/copper ratio in a group of children from South Valencia, Venezuela

Se estudiaron las concentraciones séricas de zinc (Zn) y cobre (Cu), y la relación zinc/cobre (Zn/Cu) en 82 niños aparentemente sanos de 4 a 14 años de la ciudad de Valencia, Venezuela. Las concentraciones de Zn y Cu se determinaron por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y el estado nutricional con los índices Peso/Talla, Talla/Edad e Índice de Masa Corporal. Los resultados de Zn (μg/dL), Cu (μg/dL) y la relación Zn/Cu fueron expresados en media±desviación estándar: (84,2±15,9), (125,4±24,8) y (0,69±0,18) respectivamente, sin diferencia significativa entre niños y niñas. La concentración de Cu correlacionó significativamente con la edad, siendo más baja en los niños mayores. La hipozincemia fue de 15,9% siendo las niñas (18,6%) más afectadas que los niños (13,2%) y por grupos de edad, los =11 años presentaron la mayor hipozincemia (22,2%). No se encontró hipocupremia. No hubo asociación entre las concentraciones de Zn, Cu y la relación Zn/Cu con el estado nutricional. Los resultados encontrados difieren de los hallados en otras investigaciones y la hipozincemia afectó más a las niñas y a los niños de mayor edad, mientras que no hubo hipocupremia en la muestra evaluada ni asociación entre las concentraciones de Zn, Cu y la relación Zn/Cu con el estado nutricional.

Sera levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and the ratlo zlnc/copper (Zn/Cu) were analyzed In 82 apparently healthy chlloren between 4 and 14 years of age from Valencia Clty Venezuela. The Zn (μg/dL) and Cu (μg/dL) were determlned by fíame atomic absorption spectrometry and the nutritional state was evaluated wlth Welght/Helght, Helght/Age and Body Mass index. Zn, Cu and the Zn/Cu were (Deflned by average±standard devlatlon): (84.2±15.9), (125.4 ± 24.8) and (0.69±0.18) respectlvely There was no significant diffference by gender. There was inverse and significant correlation between Cu and age. Zn deficiencies were 15.9%, and they were hígher in girls (18.6%) than in boys (13.2%). Children =11 years of age had 22.2% Zn deficiencies. There were no Cu deficiencies. No significant association was found between Zn, Cu, Zn/Cu and the nutrítíonai state. Zn, Cu ana Zn/Cu were different from those found in other investigations and hipozincemia in children affected mostiy femaies and those of oider age.

Valores de referencia de calcio, magnesio y cobre en niños en edad escolar de Valencia, Venezuela / Reference values of calcium, magnesium and copper in school children from Valencia, Venezuela

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los valores de referencia de las concentraciones séricas de calcio (Ca), magnesio (Mg) y cobre (Cu) en 233 niños aparentemente sanos de 4 a 15 años y seleccionados al azar, de la Ciudad de Valencia, Venezuela. Las muestras de sangre se tomaron en ayunas. Ca, Mg y Cu se determinaron por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Los resultados del Ca (mg/dL), Mg (mg/dL) y Cu (µg/mL) en todos los niños estudiados fueron 9,5±0,5, l,87±0,24y 1,37±0,31, respectivamente. Los preescolares mostraron Ca 9,3±0,5, Mg 1,89±0,29 y Cu 1,38±0,27 y los escolares 9,5±0,6, 1,87±0,23 y 1,29±0,32 para Ca, Mgy Cu deforma respectiva. Mientras que los adolescentes presentaron resultados de Ca 9,3±0,6, Mg 1,87±0,26 y Cu 1,21±0,28, el Ca, Mgy Cu en los niños fue de 9,5±0,5, 1,88±0,21 y 1,36±0,31 respectivamente y las niñas presentaron Ca 9,4±0,5, Mg 1,86±0,27 y Cu 1,38±0,31. No hubo diferencia significativa por sexo en cuanto al Ca, Mg y Cu pero sí por edad sólo en cuanto al Ca y Cu (p<0,05).

The aim of this work was to determine the reference values of serum levels of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and copper (Cu) that were analyzed in 233 apparently healthy children from Valencia City, Venezuela randomly selected . Samples of whole blood were collected from fasting children. Ca, Mg and Cu were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Mean values for Ca (mg/dL), Mg (mg/dL) and Cu (µg/mL) for all the children were 9.5±0.5, 1.87±0.24 and 1.37±0.31, respectively. Serum concentrations in preschool children were Ca 9.3±0.5, Mg 1.89±0.29 and Cu 1.38±0.27; while for school children they were Ca 9.5±0.6, Mg 1.87±0.23 and Cu 1.29±0.32. Serum concentrations in teenagers were Ca 9.3±0.6, Mg 1.87±0.26 and Cu 1.21±0.28. Male children had mean values of Ca, Mg and Cu at 9.5±0.5, 1.88±0.21 and 1.36±0.31 while girl values were Ca 9.4±0.6, Mg 1.86±0.27 and Cu 1.38±0.31, respectively. There was no significant difference by gender. There was significant difference by age in the serum levels of Ca and Cu (p<0.05).

Aceptación de una bebida a base de proteína de soya / Acceptance of a soy proteína

Objetivo: Evaluar la aceptación de una bebida a base de proteína de soya de acuerdo a sus características organolépticas. Metodología: Participaron 172 individuos voluntarios de ambos sexos entre 14-85 años de edad, no fumadores, de diversos estratos socio-económicos. Los participantes fueron distribuidos en 4 grupos de edades: adolescentes (14 a 20 años), adultos jóvenes (21 a 40 años), adultos contemporáneos (41 a 60 años) y adultos mayores (+ 60 años), quienes participaron voluntariamente en la degustación de las bebidas. Se prepararon tres bebidas: soya reconstituida; leche de vaca con soya en partes iguales y leche de vaca reconstituida. Resultados: Para el sabor y olor, la bebida de soya fue rechazada en adultos contemporáneos y adolescentes con 60,5% y 45% respectivamente, sin diferencia por sexo, mientras que en adultos mayores hubo buena aceptación. En personas con educación superior y mayor ingreso económico, la leche de vaca tuvo mayor aceptación, mientras que las bebidas de soya y combinación soya-leche de vaca tuvieron mejor aceptación en individuos con nivel técnico, primario y estratos IV y V. Conclusión: La bebida de soya, a pesar del rechazo en ciertos grupos, tiene buena aceptabilidad en los adultos mayores y las personas de menor ingreso económico(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the acceptance of a soy proteína drink in accordance organoleptic characteristics. Methodology: The study was carried out in 172 individuals, of both gender among 14-85 years, non smokers, of diverse socio-economic strata. The sample was distributed in 4 groups of ages: adolescents (14 to 20 years), young adults (21 to 40 years), contemporary adults (41 to 60 years) and old adults (+ 60 years) who participated voluntarily for taste testing the drinks. They tasted three beverages: soy reconstituted; cow milk with soy in equal´s parts and cow milk reconstituted. Results: showed that for the flavour and scent, the soy drink had rejection of 60,5% and 45% respectively in comtemporary and adolescent adults, of both sexes, while in the old adults had good acceptance. At level of high education and higher economic entrance the cow milk had mayor acceptance, while the soy drinks and combination cow milk-soy had acceptance to technical, primary level and strata IV and V. We conclude that the soy drink, in spite of the rejection, possesses a tendency to the acceptability and consumption on the part of an old population of adults and people of low economic income(AU)

Helicobacter pylori is not associated with anaemia in Latin America: results from Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and anaemia. DESIGN: Six cross-sectional studies. H. pylori infection was assessed by the [13C]urea breath test using MS or IR analysis. Hb was measured for all countries. Ferritin and transferrin receptors were measured for Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, and Venezuela. SETTING: Health services in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico or public schools in Bolivia, Cuba and Venezuela. SUBJECTS: In Argentina, 307 children aged 4-17 years referred to a gastroenterology unit; in Bolivia, 424 randomly selected schoolchildren aged 5-8 years; in Brazil, 1007 adults (157 men, 850 women) aged 18-45 years attending thirty-one primary health-care units; in Cuba, 996 randomly selected schoolchildren aged 6-14 years; in Mexico, seventy-one pregnant women in their first trimester attending public health clinics; in Venezuela, 418 children aged 4-13 years attending public schools. RESULTS: The lowest prevalence of H. pylori found was among children in Argentina (25.1%) and the highest in Bolivia (74.0%). In Bolivia, Cuba and Venezuela children showed similar prevalence of H. pylori infection as in Brazilian and Mexican adults (range 47.5% to 81.8%). Overall anaemia prevalence was 11.3% in Argentina, 15.4% in Bolivia, 20.6% in Brazil, 10.5% in Cuba and 8.9% in Venezuela. Adjusted analyses allowing for confounding variables showed no association between H. pylori colonization and anaemia in any study. Hb, ferritin and transferrin receptor levels were also not associated with H. pylori infection in any country. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed no evidence to support the hypothesis that H. pylori contributes to anaemia in children, adolescents, adults or pregnant women in six Latin American countries.

Consumo dietario de hierro y zinc: presencia de inhibidores y facilitadores de la absorción y conocimiento materno sobre el hierro como nutriente / Consumption of dietary iron and zinc: presence of inhibitors and facilitators of absorption and maternal awareness of iron as a nutrient

El patrón dietario del consumo de energía, hierro y zinc; y la ingesta de nutrientes; facilitadores einhibidores de la absorción del hierro y los conocimientos maternos con relación a este, se estudiaron en 34 madres de lactantes (6-24 meses). Se utilizó el recordatorio 24 horas en dos ocasiones y un cuestionario para evaluar los conocimientos de las madres sobre el hierro Se determinó nivel socioeconómico (Graffar Méndez-Castellano). Se calcularon promedios, desviación estándar y distribución de frecuencia. El 97,5% de los niños vivía en pobreza. La ingesta de energía y de nutrientes estuvo adecuada excepto para el zinc con 75% de prevalencia de deficiencia. Un 59% de la población presentó inadecuación dietaria de hierro (69% fue no hemínico y 31% hemínico). Las vitaminas A y C estuvieron adecuadas sin embargo la deficiencia fue de 8% y 31% respectivamente. El consumo de calcio fue alta (211 ± 108%) la cual se atribuye a la alimentación basada principalmente en fórmulas lácteas. El 92% de las madres conocía que el niño debe tomar hierro, 81% de ellas no lo suministraban. El 58% refiere conocer a los alimentos fuentes de hierro y sólo 40% citó los alimentos correctos. Todas las madres identificaron las principales fuentes de vitamina C. Los resultados de este estudio sientan las bases sobre la urgente necesidad de una intervención nutricional integral mediante suplementación con hierro, educación nutricional y empoderamiento familiar, destinada al control y prevención de la anemia y de la deficiencia de hierro en los lactantes, grupo de alta vulnerabilidad.

The dietary pattern of energy consumption, iron and zinc and the intake of facilitators and inhibitors of iron as well as the mother´s awareness of these, was studied in 34 mothers of babies 6-24 months old. The 24 hours reminder was used in two occasions and a questionnaire to evaluate the knowledge of mothers. Socioeconomic level was determined (Graffar Mendez-Castellano). Averages, standard deviation and frequency distribution were calculated. 97.5% of the children lived in poverty. The intake of energy and nutrients was suitable except forzinc with 75% of prevalence of deficiency; 59% of the population presented/displayed dietary deficiency of iron(69% were not hem and 31% hem).Vitamins A and C were adequate with a deficiency of 8% and 31% respectively. Calcium consumption was high (211 ± 108%) which is attributed mainly to the feeding based on milky formulas. 92% of the mothers knew that the child must take iron supplementation, 81% them did not provide it. 58% referredto know food that were sources of iron but only 40% mentioned the correct foods. All the mothers identified themain vitamin C. sources The results of this study show the urgent need of an integral nutritional intervention by supplementation with iron, nutritional education and family empowerment, destined to the control and prevention of anemia and the iron deficiency in the infants, a group of high vulnerability.

Relación entre lípidos séricos y estado de las vitaminas C y E como antioxidantes en adultos mayores venezolanos / Relationship between serum lipids and status of vitamin C and E as antioxidants in venezuelan elderly people

En el envejecimiento se observa tendencia a hiperlipidemias, cambios en la distribución de lipoproteínas y una declinación del sistema de defensa antioxidante del organismo. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar concentraciones séricas de colesterol total, fracciones, triglicéridos y Vitaminas C y E. Se evaluaron 61 adultos mayores de 60 años de edad, de enero-marzo, 2006. Se diagnosticó estado nutricional por IMC; se determinaron niveles séricos de triglicéridos (TG), colesterol total (CT) y fracciones (HDL-c y LDL-c), (método enzimático), Vitamina C (método colorimétrico) y Vitamina E (HPLC). Se utilizaron valores de ATPIII como referencia para riesgo de TG, CT, HDL, LDL-c; vitamina C: > 0,9 mg/dL (normal), < 0,9mg/dL (déficit); vitamina E: >1300 µg/dL (normal), =1300 µg/dL (déficit). Se calculó consumo dietario de vitaminas C y E por método de pesada directa tres días/semana. Según IMC, 19,7 por ciento presentó déficit nutricional, 39,3 por ciento sobrepeso y 11,5 por ciento obesidad. TG, CT, LDL-c en riesgo para el sexo femenino y HDL-c para ambos sexos. La prevalencia de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares fue: TG (45,2 por ciento), HDL-c (51,1 por ciento), LDL-c (52,5 por ciento), deficientes de vitamina C (9,8 por ciento) y E (90,2 por ciento). El consumo y niveles séricos de vitamina E en déficit en ambos sexos. No hubo asociación entre las variables. Correlación significativa y positiva entre TG, CT, LDL-c, vitamina E sérica e IMC. El grupo femenino presentó sobrepeso, hipertrigliceridemia e hipercolesterolemia, HDL-c y LDL-c en riesgo y el grupo total estado de vitamina E deficiente, importantes factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular en este grupo etario.

During aging there is a tendency towards hyperlipidemia and changes in the distribution of lipoproteins. A decline in the functioning of the body’s antioxidant defense system is also observed at this time. The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between serum concentrations of total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, and Vitamins C and E. 61 adults over 60 years of age were evaluated from January to March, 2006. Nutritional status was diagnosed by BMI (WHO); serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and fractions (HDL-c and LDL-c) were determined by enzyme method; Vitamin C (colorimetric method) and Vitamin E by HPLC. ATPIII values were used as a reference for risk of TG, TC, HDL, LDL-c, vitamin C:> 0.9 mg/dL (normal), <0.9 mg/dL (deficit); vitamin E: =1300 µg/dL (normal), 1300 = µg /dL (deficit). Consumption of vitamins C and E were estimated by the direct weighing method 3 days per week. According to BMI, 19.7 percent had nutritional deficit, 39.3 percent overweight, and 11.5 percent obesity. TG, TC, LDL-c levels were at risk in females, and HDL-c in both genders. Prevalence of risk for heart disease was: TG (45.2 percent), HDL-c (51.1 percent), and LDL-c (52.5 percent). Consumption and serum levels of vitamin E were low in both genders. There was no association between variables. A significant and positive correlation between TG, TC, LDL-C, serum vitamin E, and BMI was observed. The female group showed overweight, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, HDL-c and LDL-c at risk, and vitamin E deficiency, all of which are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease in this age group.

Influencia de las parasitosis intestinales y otros antecedentes infecciosos sobre el estado nutricional antropométrico de ni±os en situación de pobreza / Intestinal parasitic infestation and others infectious backgrounds influence in the antropometric nutritional status of children in poverty

Las parasitosis afectan principalmente a la población infantil de bajos recursos económicos. A fin de establecer estas asociaciones se evaluaron los antecedentes patológicos previos al estudio (diarrea, infección respiratoria superior e inferior y sarampión) en 257 niños y niñas aparentemente sanos entre 2-18 años de edad, del Sur de Valencia, Edo. Carabobo. 250 muestras de heces fueron sometidas a examen al fresco y Kato. Se determinó el estado nutricional antropométrico utilizando combinación de indicadores (dimensión corporal, composición corporal) e indicadores mixtos y por el método de Graffar-Méndez Castellano se identificó la condición socioeconómica. El análisis estadístico comprendió distribución de frecuencias y Chi2 como medida de asociación; nivel de significancia de p < 0,05. Se encontró 49,6 por ciento de niños parasitados, predominio de estratos socioeconómicos IV y V y de monoparasitismo por protozoarios. El antecedente patológico más prevalente fue infección respiratoria superior. Existió una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre antecedente de diarrea y presencia de parásitos, mas específicamente entre antecedente de diarrea aguda e infestación por Giardia lamblia y Trichuris trichiura. La asociación significativa encontrada entre desnutrición, parasitosis y antecedentes de diarrea, no pudo ser demostrada cuando se discriminó por tipo de parásito y grado de desnutrición. Se evidenció un efecto deletéreo de las parasitosis sobre el estado nutricional. Los antecedentes de diarrea pueden orientar hacia el diagnóstico de parasitosis, causa importante de morbilidad infantil en comunidades en situación de pobreza.

Parasitic infestations affect mainly infantile population of low economic resources. In order to assess this evidence, pathological antecedents of diarrhea, superior and inferior respiratory infection and measles were evaluated in 257 apparently healthy children (boys and girls) aged 2-18 from the South of Valencia city, Edo. Carabobo 250 feces samples were examinationed by fresh and Kato method. The Anthropometric nutritional status was determined by combination of indicators (corporal dimension, corporal composition) and mixed indicators. Sociodemogrßfic evaluation was performed by method of Graffar-Méndez. Frecuency distribution and Chi² association was measure, with a significance value of p < 0,05. It was found 49.6 percent of parasitic infestation with predominance of socioeconomic strata IV and V Monoparasitism and protozoa infestation were highly prevalent. Superior respiratory infection was the most frequent antecedent. A statistically significant association between diarrhea antecedents and parasite infestation, therewas more specifically between antecedent of acute diarrhea and infestación by Giardia lamblia or Trichuris trichiura. A statistically significant association was found among undernourishment, parasitism and antecedent of diarrhea, but it could not be demonstrated when discrimination by type of parasite and degree of undernourishment. Deleterious effect of parasitic infestation on the nutritional status; was found diarrhea antecedents can lead to the diagnosis, important cause of infantile morbidity in communities in poverty situation.

[Relationship between serum lipids and status of vitamin C and E as antioxidants in Venezuelan elderly people]. / Relación entre lípidos séricos y estado de las vitaminas C y E como antioxidantes en adultos mayores venezolanos.

During aging there is a tendency towards hyperlipidemia and changes in the distribution of lipoproteins. A decline in the functioning of the body's antioxidant defense system is also observed at this time. The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between serum concentrations of total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, and Vitamins C and E. 61 adults over 60 years of age were evaluated from January to March, 2006. Nutritional status was diagnosed by BMI (WHO); serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and fractions (HDL-c and LDL-c) were determined by enzyme method; Vitamin C (colorimetric method) and Vitamin E by HPLC. ATPIII values were used as a reference for risk of TG, TC, HDL, LDL-c, vitamin C: > 0.9 mg/dL (normal), < 0.9 mg/dL (deficit); vitamin E: = 1300 microg/dL (normal), 1300 = microg /dL (deficit). Consumption of vitamins C and E were estimated by the direct weighing method 3 days per week. According to BMI, 19.7% had nutritional deficit, 39.3% overweight, and 11.5% obesity. TG, TC, LDL-c levels were at risk in females, and HDL-c in both genders. Prevalence of risk for heart disease was: TG (45.2%), HDL-c (51.1%), and LDL-c (52.5%). Consumption and serum levels of vitamin E were low in both genders. There was no association between variables. A significant and positive correlation between TG, TC, LDL-C, serum vitamin E, and BMI was observed. The female group showed overweight, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, HDL-c and LDL-c at risk, and vitamin E deficiency, all of which are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease in this age group.

Estado de vitamina A y su relación con antecedentes infecciosos en escolares venezolanos / Vitamin A status and the relationship with morbidity in venezuelan school children

La vitamina A (VA) cumple una función importante sobre el sistema inmunológico demostrándose una relación sinérgica entre estado corporal de VA, y procesos infecciosos. El objetivo fue evaluar la relación entre niveles séricos de retinol y la Citología de Impresión Conjuntival (CIC) con el estado nutricional antropométrico y antecedentes infecciosos en escolares de bajos recursos económicos de una zona urbana de Valencia. Se evaluaron 445 niños (4-13 años de edad), de ambos géneros. Se determinó: retinol sérico (HPLC-r), proteína C reactiva (nefelometría), CIC (ICEPO), los indicadores antropométricos peso-talla (PT) y talla-edad (TE) según referencia nacional y el registro de enfermedades infecciosas (diarrea, enfermedades respiratorias, sarampión y parasitosis) dos meses previos al estudio. El 92,3 por ciento estaban en situación de pobreza, 7 por ciento presentó déficit nutricional (PT ≤ p10), 10,8 por ciento exceso (PT > p90) y 1,5 por ciento talla baja (TE = p3); 18 por ciento de los niños presentó al menos un episodio de diarrea, 39,8 por ciento infección respiratoria superior, 28,1 por ciento inferior y 32,8 por ciento parasitosis. El 10,3 por ciento mostró niveles altos de PCR (> 10 mg/L), el valor promedio de retinol fue 35,7 ± 9,2 μg/dL con una prevalencia de valores bajos (< 20 μg/dL) de 0,7 por ciento, niveles marginales (20-30 μg/dL) de 27,4 por ciento y 9,5 por ciento déficit de VA según CIC. Se encontró correlación significativa entre retinol sérico y CIC y asociación significativa entre retinol sérico y las enfermedades respiratorias superiores únicamente. No se encontró asociación entre los indicadores antropométricos con el estado de vitamina A ni con la morbilidad. No fue posible demostrar la relación entre el estado de vitamina A y los antecedentes infecciosos como diarrea, enfermedades del tracto respiratorio inferior y sarampión, sin embargo, la alta prevalencia de morbilidad y de niveles marginales de VA, hacen que el grupo estudiado...

Vitamin A (VA) is an essential micronutrient for the immune system and several researchs have shown a synergic relationship between vitamin A status and morbidity. The aim was to show the relationship between serum retinol level, Conjunctival Impression Cytology (CIC), anthropometric status, and morbidity in low income school children. 445 children (both genders) between 4 and 13 years old were assessed. Serum retinol levels (HPLC-r), C-reactive protein (nefelometry) and CIC (ICEPO), anthropometric indicators (Weight-height (WH), height-age (HA)according to national references values), morbidity (diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, measles, and parasitosis) two months prior to the evaluation, were determined. The poverty was 92.3%, wasting (WH ≤ p10) 7%, overweight (WH > p90) 10.8%, and stunting (HA = p3) 1.5%. 18% had one or more diarrhea episodes, 39.8% upper respiratory tract infections, 28.1% lower respiratory tract infections, and 32.8% intestinal parasitosis; 10.3% showed ahigh level of C-reactive protein (CRP > 10 mg/L). The average retinol level was 35.7 ± 9.2 μg/dL, with 0.7% low level(< 20 μg/dL), 27.4% of the children at risk of vitamin A deficiency (20-30 μg/dL), and 9.5% deficient according CIC. There was a significant correlation between serum retinol and CIC, and a significant association between serum retinol and upper respiratory tract infections, but not between morbidity and CIC. There was not a significant association between anthropometric indicators and vitamin A status and morbidity. In this study it was not possible to demonstrate the relationship between vitamin A status and diarrhea, measles, lower respiratory tract infections and parasitosis but the high prevalence of marginal serum retinol levels and morbidity in this group makes it susceptible to nutritional surveillance.

Anemia y deficiencia de hierro en niños menores de cuatro años de una localidad en Valencia / Anaemia and iron deficiency in children under four years of age from a location in Valencia

La deficiencia de hierro (DH) con o sin anemia es uno de los trastornos nutricionales más frecuentes en Venezuela, especialmente en los estratos sociales más bajos. Debido al alto riesgo que tienen los niños menores de cuatro años para esta deficiencia, se plantea la evaluación de las prevalencias de anemia y de deficiencia de hierro mediante un estudio descriptivo, transversal sobre 543 niños entre 6 y 48 meses de edad, de la parroquia Miguel Peña, Valencia, Carabobo, 2005. Se determinó hemoglobina (método automatizado), ferritina sérica (IRMA) y Proteína C Reactiva (nefelometría). Análisis de estadísticos descriptivos, pruebas de Mann-Whitney y Kruskal- Wallis (p < 0,05). El 96,4 por ciento de las familias se encontraban en pobreza. Las prevalencias globales de anemia y de DH fueron de 26,9 por ciento y 77,7 por ciento, y la de anemia ferropénica fue 23,6 por ciento. Un 63,7 por ciento presentó anemia leve y 36,3 por ciento, moderada. Los más afectados fueron los menores de 2 años y los varones. Se concluye que la prevalencia de anemia encontrada constituye un problema de Salud Pública moderado. La coincidencia entre la prevalencia de anemia y la de anemia ferropénica señala que la anemia encontrada tiene su origen casi exclusivamente por deficiencia de hierro. Los resultados, aún cuando tienen un carácter local, reflejan el alto riesgo nutricional de la población menor de 48 meses, en quienes el destete precoz, la inadecuada ablactación y la insuficiente suplementación con hierro, conductas frecuentes en nuestra área y país, los coloca en situación de minusvalía fisiológica, inmunológica, de aprendizaje y de crecimiento y desarrollo.

Iron deficiency with or without anaemia is one of the most frequent nutritional deficiencies in Venezuela, especially in socioeconomic deprived population. Due to the higher risk for children below four years of age for this deficiency, assessment of prevalences was determined by a descriptive and cross sectional study on 543 children from 6 to 48 months of age, living in “Miguel Peña”, a low income area of Valencia, Carabobo. Assessment included hemoglobin (automated method), serum ferritin (IRMA) and C reactive protein (nephelometry). Statistical analysis included descriptive values, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test (p <0.05). Most of the families (96.4%)were living in poverty. Anaemia and iron deficiency were found in 26.9% and 77.7% of children and 23.6% had ferropenic anaemia. 63.7% of anaemia was of low intensity and 36.3% was moderate. Children aged 6 to 24 months had the higher prevalence for anaemia and iron deficiency but boys had higher anaemia prevalence. It is to be concluded that anaemia as a Public Health problem is moderate. Coincidence of anaemia and ferropenic anaemia shows that anaemia is mostly due to iron deficiency. These results, even though they come from a local source, they reflect the high nutritional risk of the population aged 6 to 24 months, in whom early weaning, inadequate food introduction and insufficient iron supplementation, common practices in our area and country, makes them a disadvantaged group as its physiology, immune response, learning abilities and growth and development will be damaged.

[Serum homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in venezuelan elderly]. / Homocisteína, ácido fólico y vitamina B12 en adultos mayores venezolanos.

The anatomical and physiological changes of aging make elderly people a vulnerable group to malnutrition and specific deficiencies of nutrients such as vitamin B12 and folate. This study was aimed to establish relationships among serum vitamin B12, folate, homocysteine concentrations and dietary intake and adequacy. Fifty five male and female elderly (60 and more years), free-living, were assessed. Measurements were: serum vitamin B12 and folate by radioimmunoanalysis (RIA), homocysteine by polarized fluorescence immunoassay, nutrient intake by three 24 hours recalls and food frequency questionnaire. Nutritional status was determined by Body Mass Index (BMI). Serum vitamin B12 and folate were at normal range (423,3+/-227,6 pmol/l and 6,4 +/- 4,5 mg/ml), but 17,5% of elderly had B12 deficiency and 12% had folate deficiency. Serum homocysteine was higher than reference values (15,8+/-4,4 mmol/l), but 47,5% showed concentrations above 15 mmol/L, male population showed higher mean value (p: 0,01). Nutrient intake was inadequate by deficiency. BMI indicated 11,8% of undernutrition, 29,4% of overweight and 20,6% of obesity A negative and inverse correlation between homocysteine and serum folate was found. Results suggest a biochemical deficiency of B12 and folate that is expressed as elevated homocysteine levels. These finding represent a high cardiovascular risk factor for this elderly group.

Estado nutricional en niños preescolares que asisten a un jardín de infancia público en Valencia, Venezuela / Nutritional status in preschoolers attending a public day-care center in Valencia, Venezuela

A fin de evaluar el estado nutricional en un grupo de preescolares que asisten a un jardín de infancia público en Valencia, Venezuela (2002), se indagó el estrato social, las variables antropométricas; peso, talla y circunferencia del brazo, la hemoglobina, el retinol sérico, la presencia de parasitosis y el consumo de alimentos, así como el nivel educativo materno. Se utilizó el programa SPSS versión 11.0 y las pruebas t de Student, ANOVA de una vía, Post Hoc de Bonferroni y Fisher (p < 0,05). Se presentó un predominio del sexo femenino (52%). Según el estrato social 23,3% se ubicó en clase media y 76,8% en algún nivel de pobreza. El 60% de las madres de clase media habían terminado su educación secundaria y sólo el 9,8% de las madres en pobreza alcanzaron este nivel. Se observó según valores Z (T/E, P/T y CMB/T) altos porcentajes por debajo de -1,00 (27,3%, 25,6% y 24,5% respectivamente). El P/T y la CMB/T de los hijos de madres universitarias presentaron diferencias al compararlos con los hijos de madres con nivel de educación primaria. Se presentó un 25,9% de anemia y hubo diferencias entre los grupos anémicos y no anémicos para T/E y CMB/T. Se observaron protozoarios en 61,0%, helmintos en 16,9% y la presencia de ambos en 22,1%. Se encontró 2,6 veces mayor riesgo de presentar déficit nutricional para CMB/T en el grupo parasitado. Se encontró un consumo adecuado de energía y hierro, con consumo excesivo de proteínas y vitamina A. Se concluye que existe riesgo nutricional evaluado a través de los parámetros hematológicos, la presencia de parasitosis y el estrato social.

Nutritional status in preschoolers attending a public day-care center in Valencia, Venezuela. With the purpose of evaluating nutritional status in a group of preschoolers attending a public day care center in Valencia, Venezuela (2002), a research was made for social stratus, anthropometric variables; weight, height and arm circumference, hemoglobin, seric retinol, presence of parasitosis and food consumption, as well as the mother’s educational level. The program SPSS 11.0 and the t Student, ANOVA Post Hoc from Bonferroni and Fisher (p<0,05) were used. A predominance of the female sex was presented (52%). According to the social stratus, 23.3% was located in the middleclass, and 76.8% on some level of poverty. 60% of the middleclass mothers had finished their high school education, while only 9.8% of the mothers in poverty had reached that level. According to the Z values (H/A, W/H and AC/H), high percentages under -1.00 were observed (27.3%, 25.6% and 24.5%, respectively). The W/H and AC/H of children of mothers studying in a university presented discrepancies when compared with children of mothers with a primary educational level. A 25.9% of anemia was presented, and there were differences between anemic and non-anemic groups for H/A and AC/H. Protozoaries were observed in 61.0%, helmintos in 16.9% and both in 22.1%. There was a 2.6 times higher risk of presenting nutritional deficiency for AC/H in the group found with parasites. An adequate consumption of energy and iron was found, with an excessive consumption of proteins and vitamin A. It is concluded that there exists a nutritional risk evaluated through hematologic parameters, the presence of parasitosis and social stratus.

[Nutritional status in preschoolers attending a public day-care center in Valencia, Venezuela]. / Estado nutricional en niñios preescolares que asisten a un jardín de infancia público en Valencia, Venezuela.

With the purpose of evaluating nutritional status in a group of preschoolers attending a public day care center in Valencia, Venezuela (2002), a research was made for social stratus, anthropometric variables; weight, height and arm circumference, hemoglobin, seric retinol, presence of parasitosis and food consumption, as well as the mother's educational level. The program SPSS 11.0 and the t Student, ANOVA Post Hoc from Bonferroni and Fisher (p < 0.05) were used. A predominance of the female sex was presented (52%). According to the social stratus, 23.3% was located in the middleclass, and 76.8% on some level of poverty. 60% of the middleclass mothers had finished their high school education, while only 9.8% of the mothers in poverty had reached that level. According to the Z values (H/A, W/H and AC/H), high percentages under -1.00 were observed (27.3%, 25.6% and 24.5%, respectively). The W/H and AC/H of children of mothers studying in a university presented discrepancies when compared with children of mothers with a primary educational level. A 25.9% of anemia was presented, and there were differences between anemic and non-anemic groups for H/A and AC/H. Protozoaries were observed in 61.0%, helmintos in 16.9% and both in 22.1%. There was a 2.6 times higher risk of presenting nutritional deficiency for AC/H in the group found with parasites. An adequate consumption of energy and iron was found, with an excessive consumption of proteins and vitamin A. It is concluded that there exists a nutritional risk evaluated through hematologic parameters, the presence of parasitosis and social stratus.

[Lipid profile in Venezuelan preschoolers by socioeconomic status]. / Perfil lipídico en preescolares venezolanos según nivel socioeconómico.

Epidemiological studies have shown that unfavorable serum lipids levels in childhood are predictors of development of atherosclerosis lesions in adulthood. We assessed the lipid profile of 297 Venezuelan preschool children (4-7 years old) from two socioeconomic levels in order to compare them by this characteristic. Their social level was determined according to modified Graffar method, and two groups were obtained: high socioeconomic status (HSES, n=103) and low socioeconomic status (LSES, n=194). Nutritional anthropometric evaluation was performed by weight to height, and NCHS/OMS cut-off point was used. Lipid profile was determined by colorimetric biochemical methods and atherogenic risks factors were calculated. Underweight for HSES was 5.8% and for LSES: 14.9%, while normal status was 78.6% and 70.1%, and overweight was 15.5% and 14.9%, respectively. Mean values for triglycerides were 0.66 +/- 0.27and 0.76 +/- 0.31 mmol/L, total cholesterol (TC): 3.61 +/- 0.65 and 2.98 +/- 0.71 mmol/L, HDL-C: 1.04 +/- 0.18 and 0.62 +/- 0.16 mmol/L, LDL-C: 2.27 +/- 0.61 and 2.01 +/- 0.71 mmol/L, TC/HDL-C: 3.5 +/- 0.78 and 5.0 +/- 1.5; LDL-C/HDL-C: 2.0 +/- 0.71 and 3.4 +/- 1.4 with significant differences between HSES and LSES as shown respectively. A significant association was found (p < 0.01) between lipid values and socioeconomic status, being the LSES preschoolers those with the higher atherogenic risk. Its pattern was of lower HDL-C levels, and higher TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. Comparisons of lipid profile by nutritional status or gender did not show significant differences. Findings indicate that children from low socioeconomic status are at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis than children from high socioeconomic status.

Perfil lipídico en preescolares venezolanos según nivel socioeconómico / Lipid profile in Venezuelan preschoolers by socioeconomic status

Estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado que, niveles desfavorables de lípidos séricos en la infancia son predictores del desarrollo de lesiones en la adultez. Se evaluó el perfil lipídico de 297 preescolares venezolanos (4-7 años) para establecer comparaciones según el nivel socioeconómico (NSE), medido por Graffar modificado. Se hicieron dos grupos: NSE alto (n=103) y NSE bajo (n=194). El estado nutricional antropométrico se evaluó mediante el indicador peso/talla (P/T), adoptando los puntos de corte del NCHS/OMS. El perfil lipídico se determinó por métodos bioquímicos colorimétricos y se calcularon las relaciones de riesgo aterogénico. Según el estado nutricional se encontró 5,8% y 14,9% de déficit; 78,6% y 70,1% de normalidad; 15,5% y 14,9% de exceso en el NSE alto y el NSE bajo, respectivamente. Los valores promedio del perfil lipídico fueron: Triglicéridos (TG): 0,66± 0,27 y 0,76± 0,31 mmol/L, Colesterol Total (CT): 3,61± 0,65 y 2,98± 0,71 mmol/L, HDL-C: 1,04± 0,18 y 0,62± 0,16 mmol/L, LDL-C: 2,27± 0,61 y 2,01± 0,71 mmol/L, CT/HDL-C: 3,5± 0,78 y 5,0± 1,5. LDL-C/HDL-C: 2,0± 0,71 y 3,4± 1,4; con diferencias significativas entre los grupos en NSE alto y bajo, respectivamente. Se encontró asociación significativa (p<0,01) entre el perfil lipídico y el nivel socioeconómico, observándose en los preescolares del NSE bajo mayor riesgo aterogénico que los del NSE alto, reflejado por valores más bajos de HDL-C y elevados de CT/HDL-C y LDL-C/HDL-C. No hubo diferencia entre el perfil lipídico con respecto al estado nutricional y al sexo. Se concluye que el patrón lipídico observado en los preescolares de nivel socioeconómico bajo es un factor de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Epidemiological studies have shown that unfavorable serum lipids levels in childhood are predictors of development of atherosclerosis lesions in adulthood. We assessed the lipid profile of 297 Venezuelan preschool children (4-7 years old) from two socioeconomic levels in order to compare them by this characteristic. Their social level was determined according to modified Graffar method, and two groups were obtained: high socioeconomic status (HSES, n=103) and low socioeconomic status (LSES, n=194). Nutritional anthropometric evaluation was performed by weight to height, and NCHS/OMS cut-off point was used. Lipid profile was determined by colorimetric biochemical methods and atherogenic risks factors were calculated. Underweight for HSES was 5.8% and for LSES: 14.9%, while normal status was 78.6% and 70.1%, and overweight was 15.5% and 14.9%, respectively. Mean values for triglycerides were 0.66± 0.27and 0.76± 0.31 mmol/L, total cholesterol (TC): 3.61± 0.65 and 2.98± 0.71 mmol/L, HDL-C: 1.04± 0.18 and 0.62± 0.16 mmol/L, LDL-C: 2.27± 0.61 and 2.01± 0.71 mmol/L, TC/HDL-C: 3.5± 0.78 and 5.0± 1.5; LDL-C/HDL-C: 2.0± 0.71 and 3.4± 1.4 with significant differences between HSES and LSES as shown respectively. A significant association was found (p<0,01) between lipid values and socioeconomic status, being the LSES preschoolers those with the higher atherogenic risk. Its pattern was of lower HDL-C levels, and higher TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. Comparisons of lipid profile by nutritional status or gender did not show significant differences. Findings indicate that children from low socioeconomic status are at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis than children from high socioeconomic status.

Citosinas sericas (IL-4, IL-6 e IFN-y) en embarazadas de la ciudad de Valencia Venezuela / Serum cytokines (IL-4, IL-6 e IFN-y) in pregnant women from Valencia city

A fin de evaluar el comportamiento de algunas citosinas o interleukinas (IL-4, IL-6, IFN-y) durante el embarazo, seestudiaron 25 mujeres embarazadas durante los tres trimestres, 12 adolescentes y 13 adultas. Las determinaciones de las interleukinas se realizaron por el método de ELISA, tipo sándwich, observándose incremento significativo (p<0,05) para la IL-4 entre el 1er y 2do trimestre (8,18±2,43 vs 53,42±17,25 pg/ml) y entre el 1er y el 3er (8,18±2,43 vs 42,47 ± 6,27 pg/ml) pero no entre el 2do y el 3er (53,42 ± 17,25 vs 42,47 ± 6,27 pg/ml) para todas las embarazadas, con un patrón similar en las adolescentes y adultas, pero la comparación entre ellas por edad sólo mostró diferencia significativa para la evaluación del 2do trimestre, correspondiendo a las adultas niveles más altos (60,53± 17,47 vs 45,71±13,85 pg/ml). Con relación a la IL-6, se observó que los valores se incrementan a medida que avanza el embarazo con diferencia significativa (p<0,05) entre los trimestres (2,01±3,46; 9,25±7,22; 11,54±9,40 pg/ml) pero similar para ambos grupos etarios sin diferencia estadística significativa entre ellos en ninguno de los periodos. Para el IFN-y se observó un ligero aumento para todas las embarazadas que no alcanzó diferencia significativa entre los trimestres ni para los grupos etarios considerados. Se concluye que el embarazo induce aumentos significativos de IL-4, de IL-6 y en menor grado de IFN-y y que estos cambios no están asociados a la edad de la embarazada.

In order to assess interleukin levels (IL-4, IL-6, IFN-y) during pregnancy, 25 pregnant women (12 adolescents and13 adults) along the three trimesters were evaluated. An ELISA test was performed to determine serum interleukin. A significant increase (p<0.05) for IL-4 between first and second trimester (8.18±2.43 vs. 53.42±17.25 pg/ml) and between first and third (8.18±2.43 vs. 42.47 ± 6.27 pg/ml) but not between second and third (53.42 ± 17.25 vs. 42.47 ± 6.27 pg/ml) was observed. Similar pattern of increase was found for adolescents and adults, but comparison by age showed significantly higher levels in adults at second trimester (60.53± 17.47 vs. 45.71±13.85 pg/ml). Regarding IL-6, increase during pregnancy was also observed, reaching significant differences between trimesters (2.01±3.46; 9.25±7.22; 11.54±9.40 pg/ml): A similar pattern was found for adolescents and adults, but no differences by age were found at any moment. For IFN-y, a slight increase was observed but it did not reach significant differences either between trimesters or by age groups. It is concluded that pregnancy induced significant increases of IL-4 and IL-6, and in a lesser degree for IFN-y but age of the women was not related to the changes.